Genetically Modified Crops – UPSC Prelims

These are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering.

This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods.

Conventional plant breeding involves crossing of species of the same genus to provide the offspring with the desired traits of both parents.

Genus is a class of items such as a group of animals or plants with similar traits, qualities or features.

Bt cotton is the only Genetically Modified (GM) crop that is allowed in India. It has alien genes from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that allows the crop to develop a protein toxic to the common pest pink bollworm.

Herbicide Tolerant Bt (Ht Bt) cotton, on the other hand is derived with the insertion of an additional gene, from another soil bacterium, which allows the plant to resist the common herbicide glyphosate.

In Bt brinjal, a gene allows the plant to resist attacks of fruit and shoot borers.

In DMH-11 mustard, genetic modification allows cross-pollination in a crop that self-pollinates in nature.

In India, the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is the apex body that allows for commercial release of GM crops.

Use of the unapproved GM variant can attract a jail term of 5 years and fine of Rs. 1 lakh under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

The task of regulating GMO levels in imported consumables was initially with the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC).

Its role was diluted with the enactment of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 and FSSAI was asked to take over approvals of imported goods.