Context:
-
GST has completed its one year.
-
The GST’s faulty design has prevented the economy from benefiting fully from the indirect tax regime
What is GST?
GST is a comprehensive indirect tax levy on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods as well as services at the national level. It will replace all indirect taxes levied on goods and services by states and Central.
Arguments in favour of the GST
The GST was presented as a win-win situation for everyone.
-
Ease of doing business
-
Make markets efficient
-
Yield higher tax collections and
-
Lead to lower prices.
-
With higher tax collection,
-
The government would be able to deliver better services.
GST Tax structure
-
The tax rate structure (0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%) also adds to the complexity.
-
Then there are different rates for gold and jewellery.
-
Some petro-goods and alcohol (human consumption) are not a part of the GST.
-
Electricity and real estate are also out of the GST.
-
The multiplicity of tax rates and exemptions means that the cascading effect continues.
-
India does not have a full GST which is applicable from raw material to the final good/service.
The chain is broken in many places. This partial GST is a result of trying to fulfil many policy objectives. For instance, small businesses which cannot cope with its complexity and goods consumed by the poor are exempt. “A BMW and hawai chappal can’t have the same tax.”
What has the GST achieved?
-
Businesses have not yet experienced ‘ease of doing business’ though some have adjusted to it.
-
The GST rates were fixed rather late. Industry could not fix prices well in time and difficulties grew right from day one.
-
The IT functioning of the Goods and Service Tax Network (GSTN) has been unsatisfactory due to problems or inordinate delays in access because of the volume of traffic. Per month, a few billion returns had to be processed.
-
The complexity of the system became apparent when businesses had to file one form by the 10th of the month, check the next form by the 15th and file the third form by the 20th. The form to be filed by the 15th was to be auto-populated on the basis of returns filed by the suppliers to the business.
-
If some suppliers delayed filing or did not file, one had to chase them or one could not file one’s return. This proved to be insurmountable for many.
-
For each State one was operating in, three returns had to be processed every month. Then there was an annual return to be filed. So for each State, a business had to file 37 returns in a year. Even though it was computerised, accounting was difficult.
Do the Economy headed in the right direction?
-
So, even though 17 taxes were replaced by one tax made up of many parts, simplification did not follow.
-
The small businesses operating under the Composition Scheme (turnover between Rs.20 lakh and Rs.75 lakh; later the limit was raised to Rs.1.5 crore) had their own woes. They could not give input tax credit (ITC) and if anyone bought from them, then the buyer had to pay the tax that the small business should have paid.
-
This was the reverse charge mechanism (RCM). These small businesses were not permitted to make inter-State sales so that their market became limited in case they were at the border of the State.
-
Thus, not only big but also small businesses faced severe difficulties.
What steps Govt has taken?
-
Taking cognisance of these, the government made rapid changes during the year through the GST Council (the body set up to govern GST). But this only added to the confusion.
-
Some components of the GST which were considered essential to its design were suspended or altered permanently.
-
For example, the e-way bill (to track goods being transported) was postponed to April 2018. The RCM was suspended and may resume now. The tax rate for businesses under the Composition Scheme was brought down.
-
Restaurants were brought under the Composition Scheme with a 5% tax rate but no ITC. For a year now, there have been reports every day of new problems cropping up and clarifications being sought from the authorities. In some cases, court cases are being filed.
Impact of GST
-
Prices have not fallen. Of course, there are many factors underlying inflation such as a rise in petroleum goods prices, the weather and so on.
-
But the GST has contributed to inflation because services are now taxed higher, — the rate has risen to 18% from 15%. It is also true that the ITC which was supposed to lower the cost to businesses and reduce cascading effect (and thereby lower final prices) has not worked.
-
In fact, in the case of restaurants, the ITC was withdrawn and replaced by a different scheme. The government’s concern about the misuse of the ITC prompted it to legislate the anti-profiteering clause. But it is proving hard to implement; industry is resisting it.
-
Even though essential goods are exempt under the GST, as basic goods and services prices rise, all prices increase. For instance, if diesel or truck prices rise, transport costs increase. All prices rise even if they are exempt under the GST, examples being the cost of cereals and vegetables.
Conclusion
-
The GST is not bigger than the policy changes introduced in 1991 and hence not the biggest reform.
-
It is not yielding more revenue to enable governments to spend more on services for the poor.
-
Further, by damaging the unorganised sectors, it has set back output and employment in the economy rather than leading to a higher growth rate.
-
These problems emanate from introducing a very complex tax in a complex economy.
-
In brief, while there are a few gains, the economy is not headed in the right direction because of the faulty design of the GST.
Source: