2016 report has focused on access of 4 public goods:
- Pensions for the elderly
- Digital access
- Agricultural land
- Legal justice for undertrial
Findings:
- Landholding pattern
- Large landowners belong to the upper castes
- Cultivators to the middle castes
- Agricultural workers to Dalits and Adivasis
- Highest landlessness was among Dalits (~57%)
- Around 40% of all displaced by developmental activity were Adivasis
- Dalits own poor quality land only
- Land reform efforts have not benefited Dalits, women or Muslims significantly
- Land allotments to SC/ST households were often only on paper, as allottees were forcefully evicted or not allowed to take possession
- Digital access
- Poverty and geographic location were the two major barriers to digital access, with urban locations enjoying better Internet penetration rates
- Government Efforts are facing implementation problems like poor infrastructure, a lack of adequate institutional frameworks, low literacy in the targeted areas, and poor cooperation from government
Conclusion:
The groups most severely and consistently excluded from provisioning tend to the same historically disadvantaged groups: Dalits, Adivasis, Muslims, and persons with disabilities and age-related vulnerabilities