Need to Redefine farmer – UPSC GS3

Is land ownership right criterion?

• Traditionally, land ownership is a mandatory criterion for availing benefits under various agricultural schemes in India.
• Laws governing land leasing operate at different levels across India.
• The Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act, 2016 was introduced to formalise land leasing.
• However, except a few States, a majority of State governments have not extended the scope of the Act to farmers.
• According to the 2015-16 agricultural census, about 2.65 million operational holdings are either partially or wholly leased.

How this impact tenants?

• The impact of agrarian distress is felt disproportionately by tenant farmers.
• The tenant farmer incurs the costs and faces the risks, while the owner receives the rent, subsidies and other support.
• The lessees do not benefit from loan waivers, moratorium and institutional credit, and are forced to be at the mercy of moneylenders.
• The distress is reflected in the fact that tenant farmers account for a majority of farmer suicides reported in the NCRB data.

Multiple definitions of farmers:

• There are multiple definitions for a ‘farmer’ in official data published by the Government of India.
• The population census defines ‘cultivators’ as a person engaged in cultivation of land either ‘owned’ or held in kind or share.
• The 59th round of the Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of farmers also stresses on ‘possession of land’ either owned or leased or otherwise possessed for defining ‘farmers’.
• Delinking of land as the defining criterion for a ‘farmer’ was done in the 70th round of SAS carried out by the NSSO.
• The 70th Round of NSSO refined the definition of a farmer as one who earns a major part of the income from farming.

Conclusion