Making Fundamental Duties enforceable – UPSC GS2

The idea of Fundamental Duties is inspired by the Constitution of Russia (erstwhile Soviet Union).

These were incorporated in Part IV-A of the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.

Originally 10 in number, one more duty was added through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.

Like the Directive Principles of State Policy, the Fundamental duties are also non-justiciable in nature.

To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem,

To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom,

To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India,

To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so,

To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women,

To value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture,

To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures,

To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform,

To safeguard public property and to abjure violence,

To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement, and

To provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years (added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002).

Rights and duties are correlative.

The Fundamental Duties are intended to serve as a constant reminder to every citizen that while the Constitution specifically conferred on them certain fundamental rights, it also requires citizens to observe basic norms of democratic conduct and democratic behaviour.

These serve as a warning to the people against the anti-social activities that disrespect the nation like burning the flag, destroying the public property or disturbing public peace.

These help in the promotion of a sense of discipline and commitment towards the nation. They help in realising national goals by the active participation of citizens rather than mere spectators.

It helps the Court in determining the constitutionality of the law. For instance, any law passed by the legislatures, when taken to Court for constitutional validity of the law, if it is giving force to any Fundamental Duty, then such law would be taken as reasonable.

Since time immemorial the emphasis in Indian society in accordance with the dictates of the ancient scriptures has been on the individual’s ‘Kartavya”.

This is the performance of one’s duties towards society, the country and especially towards one’s parents.

The Gita and the Ramayana enjoin people to perform their duties without caring for their rights.

In the erstwhile Soviet Union Constitution, the rights and duties were placed on the same footing.

There is a pressing need to enforce and implement at least some of the fundamental duties.

For instance, to uphold and protect sovereignty, unity and integrity of India, to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so and to disseminate a sense of nationalism and to promote the spirit of patriotism to uphold the unity of India.

These fundamental duties assume significance after the emergence of China as a superpower.

The Verma Committee on Fundamental Duties of the Citizens (1999) identified the existence of legal provisions for the implementation of some of the Fundamental Duties. The committee provided with the provisions like:

It was argued in the petition that the non-adherence of the Fundamental Duties has a direct bearing upon the Fundamental Rights guaranteed under Articles 14 ( Equality before Law), 19 (Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech) and 21 (Right to Life) of the Constitution of India.

For example, the need to enforce fundamental duties arises due to the new illegal trend of protest by protestors in the garb of freedom of speech and expression.

The Supreme Court’s Ranganath Mishra judgment 2003 held that fundamental duties should not only be enforced by legal sanctions but also by social sanctions.

In AIIMS Students Union v. AIIMS 2001, it was held by the Supreme Court that fundamental duties are equally important like fundamental rights.

Though fundamental duties are not enforceable like fundamental rights they cannot be overlooked as duties in Part IV A.

They are prefixed by the same word fundamental which was prefixed by the founding fathers of the Constitution to ‘right’ in Part III.